熔鹽電解爐電解金屬氯化的工藝是什么
熔鹽電解爐,是一(yi)種利用電(dian)(dian)化(hua)(hua)學原(yuan)理,采用熔(rong)鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)法(fa)生產高(gao)純(chun)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的裝置。把金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)作為原(yuan)料(liao)裝入(ru)本熔(rong)鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)爐中,即可生產出(chu)對應(ying)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)的高(gao)純(chun)金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)。有(you)氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)熔(rong)鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)和氟化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)熔(rong)鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)兩種方法(fa)。以堿金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)和堿土金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)質,以稀土氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)物(wu)(wu)(wu)為電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)原(yuan)料(liao)的熔(rong)鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)方法(fa),從陰(yin)極(ji)析出(chu)液態稀土金(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu),陽極(ji)析出(chu)氯(lv)(lv)氣。這種方法(fa)具(ju)有(you)設備簡單、操作方便、電(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)槽結構材料(liao)易于解(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)決(jue)等特點,但也存在氯(lv)(lv)化(hua)(hua)稀土吸水性強(qiang)、電(dian)(dian)流效率低等問題。
使用熔鹽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)爐電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)結果是在陰極得到熔融稀土(tu)金(jin)屬,在陽極析出氯(lv)氣,同時消(xiao)耗熔鹽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質中的(de)氯(lv)化(hua)稀土(tu)和直流(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量。陰極析出的(de)少部(bu)分(fen)稀土(tu)金(jin)屬溶解(jie)(jie)于熔鹽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質中,發(fa)生生成低價氯(lv)化(hua)物的(de)二次反應,使電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)效(xiao)(xiao)率降低。通常熔鹽電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)質組成、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)溫度、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)密度、極間距等電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)工藝條件對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)效(xiao)(xiao)率有(you)顯著影(ying)響。
對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)工藝來說,當熔鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)爐中氯化稀(xi)(xi)土含量(liang)過(guo)高,熔鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻大、粘度也大,陽極氣體逸出困(kun)難。反之,若(ruo)是稀(xi)(xi)土含量(liang)過(guo)低(di)(di)(di),會發生(sheng)堿金屬和稀(xi)(xi)土離子(zi)共同(tong)放電(dian)(dian)(dian),這兩種(zhong)情況均使電(dian)(dian)(dian)流效率(lv)降低(di)(di)(di),電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)消(xiao)耗(hao)量(liang)增(zeng)加(jia)(jia)。又因電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)溫(wen)度與熔鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質組成和金屬熔點有關,一般(ban)采(cai)用高于(yu)稀(xi)(xi)土金屬熔點50K左(zuo)右的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)溫(wen)度。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)溫(wen)度過(guo)高,金屬與熔鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質的(de)二(er)次反應加(jia)(jia)劇,金屬溶(rong)解(jie)損失增(zeng)加(jia)(jia);若(ruo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)溫(wen)度過(guo)低(di)(di)(di),則熔鹽(yan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)質粘度大,電(dian)(dian)(dian)流效率(lv)下降。
根據了解,目前工業應用的熔鹽電解爐所用的(de)電(dian)解槽(cao)主要(yao)有小型石墨圓形槽(cao)和大(da)型陶瓷槽(cao)兩種(zhong)類型。前者的(de)結構相較簡(jian)單,使(shi)用方(fang)便,電(dian)流(liu)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)可達40%~50%,金(jin)屬直接回收率(lv)(lv)(lv)在85%以(yi)上,但(dan)燒蝕(shi)嚴重(zhong),槽(cao)電(dian)壓高(gao),電(dian)能(neng)消(xiao)耗大(da),生產能(neng)力小。后者生產能(neng)力大(da),電(dian)能(neng)消(xiao)耗低,但(dan)由于(yu)電(dian)流(liu)分布不勻,金(jin)屬溶解和二次反應(ying)嚴重(zhong),電(dian)流(liu)效率(lv)(lv)(lv)低,所以(yi)金(jin)屬直接回收率(lv)(lv)(lv)為(wei)80%~85%。在使(shi)用中,當陰極(ji)產物積累到一定(ding)量時,八佳(jia)科技建議應(ying)定(ding)期取出鑄錠,冷(leng)卻后用冷(leng)水清(qing)洗、涼干、裝桶、蠟封(feng)保(bao)存。

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