石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)爐在(zai)(zai)(zai)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)材(cai)料(liao)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展中(zhong)有不可缺少(shao)(shao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用　　石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)爐熱(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)過的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)一種(zhong)新型(xing)炭(tan)(tan)材(cai)料(liao)，因(yin)其(qi)(qi)易于石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)、電(dian)導率高(gao)(gao)、價格(ge)低廉、灰分(fen)(fen)(fen)低等優(you)異特性，逐(zhu)漸成(cheng)為(wei)(wei)一種(zhong)優(you)質的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)wu,且(qie)已占據日本(ben)近60%的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)市場.近期，國(guo)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)技術上取得了較(jiao)大(da)(da)突破，實現了規模生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，但其(qi)(qi)用作(zuo)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)研(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao).　　一般軟炭(tan)(tan)(如瀝青焦(jiao)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)油焦(jiao)等)經(jing)過2500?3000℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)爐熱(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后，會轉化(hua)為(wei)(wei)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，但該過程極(ji)(ji)其(qi)(qi)復雜，既涉及(ji)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)徑/軸向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有序排(pai)列(lie)、晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)消失、晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)界(jie)面處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)C-C六圓(yuan)環的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)形成(cheng)、晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)長，還涉及(ji)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)層邊(bian)(bian)界(jie)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)不飽(bao)和碳(tan)(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)催化(hua)反應(ying)(ying)、碳(tan)(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)或(huo)氣體(ti)分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)震(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各向異性特性、石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)層層間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)范德華力(li)等微(wei)觀(guan)熱(re)力(li)學(xue)或(huo)動(dong)力(li)學(xue)行(xing)(xing)為(wei)(wei).目前(qian)，熱(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度與材(cai)料(liao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)參數(shu)之(zhi)間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)內(nei)在(zai)(zai)(zai)關系(xi)(xi)巳得到(dao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)研(yan)究(jiu)，而石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)機(ji)(ji)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎研(yan)究(jiu)較(jiao)少(shao)(shao).本(ben)工作(zuo)以(yi)煤(mei)系(xi)(xi)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)為(wei)(wei)原(yuan)料(liao)，在(zai)(zai)(zai)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析熱(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度對針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)微(wei)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)響規律的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上，深入研(yan)究(jiu)了針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)機(ji)(ji)理(li)(li)及(ji)其(qi)(qi)用作(zuo)鋰離(li)(li)子(zi)電(dian)池(chi)負極(ji)(ji)材(cai)料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)極(ji)(ji)性能(neng)(neng)和儲鋰機(ji)(ji)制.　　將煤(mei)系(xi)(xi)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)粉碎后，用。45岬篩網(wang)進行(xing)(xing)篩分(fen)(fen)(fen)，置(zhi)入炭(tan)(tan)化(hua)爐，先(xian)(xian)以(yi)5°C/min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)速率分(fen)(fen)(fen)別升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)至700P、1000°C,1500°C,并(bing)標記為(wei)(wei)NC700、NC1000、NC1500;格(ge)樣(yang)品置(zhi)于高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)爐，先(xian)(xian)以(yi)15-C/min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)速率升(sheng)至1500℃,再以(yi)7°C/min的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)升(sheng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)速率升(sheng)至2250℃、2800℃并(bing)恒(heng)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)30tnin,降至室溫(wen)(wen)(wen)后得到(dao)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)樣(yang)品，相應(ying)(ying)標記為(wei)(wei)NC2250、NC2800。　　在(zai)(zai)(zai)1500-2250℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)爐石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)過程中(zhong)，體(ti)系(xi)(xi)獲得更大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)能(neng)(neng)量，在(zai)(zai)(zai)表面能(neng)(neng)以(yi)及(ji)大(da)(da)兀健的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用下(xia)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)沿軸向發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)平(ping)行(xing)(xing)排(pai)列(lie)；同時，體(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)熱(re)震(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)頻率增大(da)(da),平(ping)行(xing)(xing)于平(ping)面網(wang)格(ge)方向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)幅增大(da)(da)，使得晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)體(ti)平(ping)面上的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位錯(cuo)線和晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)界(jie)逐(zhu)漸減少(shao)(shao)，并(bing)放出潛熱(re)。　　隨著石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)爐石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)繼續升(sheng)高(gao)(gao)，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)蒸發(fa)(fa)(fa)率以(yi)指(zhi)數(shu)式上升(sheng)，這時體(ti)系(xi)(xi)中(zhong)充(chong)滿各種(zhong)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)或(huo)氣體(ti)分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)，且(qie)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)徑向的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)間(jian)(jian)距接近分(fen)(fen)(fen)子(zi)水平(ping)；在(zai)(zai)(zai)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)層邊(bian)(bian)緣碳(tan)(tan)(tan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自催化(hua)以(yi)及(ji)界(jie)面能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)推(tui)動(dong)力(li)作(zuo)用下(xia)，各種(zhong)游離(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)原(yuan)子(zi)與相鄰石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)微(wei)晶(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)邊(bian)(bian)緣碳(tan)(tan)(tan)發(fa)(fa)(fa)生(sheng)(sheng)反應(ying)(ying)，形成(cheng)C-C六圓(yuan)環；在(zai)(zai)(zai)范德華力(li)作(zuo)用下(xia)，石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)層的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)“褶(zhe)皺”消失，并(bing)趨(qu)向平(ping)面結(jie)(jie)構(gou)，終(zhong)形成(cheng)三(san)維有序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)化(hua)針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)。針(zhen)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)焦(jiao)經(jing)過2800℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)熱(re)處(chu)(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后，終(zhong)逐(zhu)步轉化(hua)成(cheng)三(san)維有序的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)石(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)墨(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)(mo)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)。

　　真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空甩帶爐(lu)(lu)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)介紹 　　真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空甩帶爐(lu)(lu)在(zai)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空條件下利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)來(lai)加熱和熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)方法(fa)。這種熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)方法(fa)所使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)有自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)和非(fei)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)兩種。 　　自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)是由被熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(即爐(lu)(lu)料(liao)(liao))制成(cheng)，在(zai)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空甩帶爐(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)它(ta)逐漸消耗(hao)(hao)(hao);而(er)非(fei)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)系(xi)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)鎢等高熔(rong)(rong)點材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)制成(cheng)，在(zai)爐(lu)(lu)料(liao)(liao)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)它(ta)基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)不(bu)(bu)消耗(hao)(hao)(hao)。采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)爐(lu)(lu)稱自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)爐(lu)(lu)，簡稱自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)爐(lu)(lu);采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)非(fei)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)爐(lu)(lu)稱非(fei)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)爐(lu)(lu)，簡稱非(fei)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)爐(lu)(lu)。 　　現在(zai)，非(fei)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)已(yi)較少(shao)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)，而(er)自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)大(da)量應用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于生(sheng)產實踐中(zhong)(zhong)，成(cheng)為(wei)二次重熔(rong)(rong)的(de)(de)主要手段之一。真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)的(de)(de)坩堝一般用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)銅制成(cheng)，外面(mian)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)水(shui)冷卻，稱為(wei)水(shui)冷銅結(jie)(jie)晶器(qi)。 　　真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空甩帶爐(lu)(lu)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)時(shi)，可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將自(zi)(zi)耗(hao)(hao)(hao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(被熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao))接(jie)負極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，水(shui)冷銅結(jie)(jie)晶器(qi)接(jie)正極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，通電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)后兩極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)間產生(sheng)弧(hu)光(guang)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，將電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能轉變成(cheng)熱能，產生(sheng)高溫(wen)(wen)使材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)熔(rong)(rong)化。熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)過(guo)(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)(zhong)液(ye)態(tai)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熔(rong)(rong)滴通過(guo)(guo)高溫(wen)(wen)弧(hu)區后落入金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬熔(rong)(rong)池(chi)，并(bing)在(zai)水(shui)冷銅結(jie)(jie)晶器(qi)內凝固成(cheng)錠(ding)(ding)。通過(guo)(guo)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬液(ye)與氣相間以(yi)及熔(rong)(rong)池(chi)內發生(sheng)的(de)(de)一系(xi)列(lie)物(wu)理化學反應，達到(dao)提(ti)高金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬的(de)(de)純凈(jing)度，改善其結(jie)(jie)晶組(zu)織(zhi)和性能的(de)(de)目的(de)(de)。 　　雖然真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空甩帶爐(lu)(lu)不(bu)(bu)受(shou)大(da)氣、耐(nai)火材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)和鑄(zhu)模等的(de)(de)沾(zhan)污;可(ke)(ke)以(yi)去除鋼(gang)及合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)氣體和有害金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬雜(za)(za)質;熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)中(zhong)(zhong)夾雜(za)(za)物(wu)也可(ke)(ke)上(shang)(shang)浮去除一部分，并(bing)可(ke)(ke)改善夾雜(za)(za)物(wu)在(zai)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)分布及形態(tai);水(shui)冷銅結(jie)(jie)晶器(qi)中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)(de)鋼(gang)錠(ding)(ding)鑄(zhu)態(tai)組(zu)織(zhi)比普通鑄(zhu)錠(ding)(ding)為(wei)好(hao)。 　　但真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空甩帶爐(lu)(lu)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)需(xu)預制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)極(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)，且鋼(gang)錠(ding)(ding)表面(mian)較差。真(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)(zhen)空電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)弧(hu)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)鈦、鋯(gao)、鎢、鉬等活(huo)潑(po)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬、難熔(rong)(rong)金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬以(yi)及它(ta)們(men)的(de)(de)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)，也可(ke)(ke)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)來(lai)熔(rong)(rong)煉(lian)(lian)(lian)(lian)高溫(wen)(wen)合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)及有特殊用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)途的(de)(de)鋼(gang)和合(he)金(jin)(jin)(jin)。